Chapter 8 focuses on debates surrounding the “future” of Indigenous people in the US and Canada. King argues that questions of “sovereignty” lie at the heart of any discussion of Indigenous-white relations. While sovereignty typically refers to “supreme and unrestricted authority,” King writes that, in reference to Indigenous peoples, it is a set of more practical concerns: “the authority to levy taxes, set the criteria for citizenship, control trade, and negotiate agreements and treaties” (194). The various treaties and laws that constitute US and Canadian policy toward Indigenous people typically grant some level of sovereignty to Indigenous nations. However, King describes how some individuals, including US senators, have begun to advocate the policy of “neo-termination,” which seeks to “abrogate treaties, eliminate federal guarantees, divide First Nations land into fee-simple blocks, and allow Native people to participate freely in the economic markets that Western capitalism has created” (197).

King argues that questions of Indigenous sovereignty must focus on practical issues of how Indigenous people would like to govern themselves. For King, two of the most pressing concerns are “tribal membership and resource development” (202). Most tribes are allowed to determine who is considered a member of the tribe, which gives an individual federal and legal recognition as an “Indian.